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一、老托阅读100篇中化石的形成的真题是怎样的？

  化石的形成

　　Generally, in order to be preserved in the fossil record, organisms must possess hard body parts such as shells or bones。

   Soft, fleshy structures are quickly destroyed by predators or decayed by bacteria。 Even hard parts left on the surface for a certain length of time will be destroyed。

   Therefore, organisms must be buried rapidly to escape destruction by the elements and to be protected against agents of weathering and erosion。

   Marine organisms thus are better candidates for fossilization than those living on the land because the ocean is typically the site of sedimentation, whereas the land is largely the site of erosion。

　　The beds of ancient lakes were also excellent sites for rapid burial of skeletal remains of freshwater organisms and skeletons of other animals, including those of early humans。

   Ancient swamps were particularly plentiful with prolific growths of vegetation, which fossilized in abundance。 Many animals became trapped in bogs overgrown by vegetation。

   The environment of the swamps kept bacterial decay to a minimum, which greatly aided in the preservation of plants and animals。

   The rapidly accumulating sediments in flood plains, deltas, and stream channels buried freshwater organisms, along with other plants and animals that happened to fall into the water。

　　Only a small fraction of all the organisms that have ever lived are preserved as fossils。 Normally, the remains of a plant or animal are completely destroyed through predation and decay。

   Although it seems that fossilization is common for some organisms, for others it is almost impossible。 For the most part, the remains of organisms are recycled in the earth, which is fortunate because otherwise soil and water would soon become depleted of essential nutrients。

   Also, most of the fossils exposed on Earth's surface are destroyed by weathering processes。 This makes for an incomplete fossil record with poor or no representation of certain species。

　　The best fossils are those composed of unaltered remains。 Generally, it is the inorganic hard parts, composed mostly of calcium carbonate, that form the vast majority of unaltered fossils。

   Calcite and aragonite also contributed to a substantial number of fossils of certain organisms。

　　1。 According to the passage , an organism without hard body parts

　　(A) is not likely to appear in the fossil record

　　(B) is not heavy enough to sink below the surface

　　(C) is not attractive to predators

　　(D) takes a long time to decay

　　2。

   The word "agents" in line 5 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) dangers

　　(B) examples

　　(C) areas

　　(D) causes

　　3。 Why are marine organisms good candidates for fossilization?

　　(A) They have more fleshy structures than land organisms。

　　(B) It is likely that they will be buried rapidly。

　　(C) The water environment speeds the decay caused by bacteria。

　　(D) It takes longer for them to be preserved。

　　4。 The fact that the "land is largely the site of erosion" (line 7 - 8) is significant because

　　(A) erosion is less destructive than sedimentation。

　　(B) fossils are most common in areas subject to erosion。

　　(C) erosion contributes to the destruction of skeletal remains。

　　(D) few organisms live in areas that experience extensive erosion。

　　5。 According to the passage , why were the remains of organisms trapped in swamps better preserved for the fossil record than those that were not?

　　(A) The swamp environment reduced the amount of bacterial decay。

　　(B) Swamp waters contained higher amounts of materials such as calcium carbonate。

　　(C) There were fewer sediments in swamps than in other bodies of water。

　　(D) Swamp vegetation accelerated the decomposition of organisms。

　　6。 The word "aided" in line 13 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) reversed

　　(B) helped

　　(C) reformed

　　(D) counted

　　7。

   It can be inferred that flood plains, deltas, and stream channels (lines 14 - 15) are similar in which of the following ways?

　　(A) Animals rather than plants have been preserved at such locations。

　　(B) Such locations are likely to be rich sources of fossils。

　　(C) Fossilized human remains are only rarely found in such locations。

　　(D) Rapid sedimentation in such locations makes it difficult to locate fossils。

　　8。 What is the author's main point in paragraph 3?

　　(A) Weathering makes it impossible to identify many fossils。

　　(B) Many fossils have been buried forever under the soil。

　　(C) Fossils provide a limited sample of ancient organisms。

　　(D) It is easier to find the remains of plants than animals。

　　9。

   Why does the author mention "aragonite" in line 27

　　(A) To explain why fossils are rare

　　(B) To compare aragonite fossils and calcite fossils

　　(C) To argue that certain fossils are more informative than others

　　(D) To illustrate the kinds of inorganic hard parts that can form fossils

　　答案：ADBCA BBCD。

二、谁有老托阅读100篇PASSAGE79动物行为的研究资料？

   老托阅读100篇相对TPO要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做TPO真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，今天给大家分享的是老托阅读100篇PASSAGE 79：动物行为的研究，希望考生认真练习。

　　PASSAGE 79：动物行为的研究

　　Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipate future ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group。

   These scientists, however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with conscious processing。

　　Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribe actions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered。

   One example of such unexplained behavior: honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in a figure-eight pattern。

   The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to the sun's position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive。

   Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows no special intelligence。 But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the food source, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybees began to anticipate where the food source would appear next。

   When the researchers arrived at the new location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food。 No one has yet explained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred the location of the new site。

　　Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use。 Many animals, like the otter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the natural environment as rudimentary tools。

   One researcher has found that mother chimpanzees occasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts。 In one study, chimpanzees compared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips。

   One pair might contain, say, five chips and three chips, the other four chips and three chips。 Allowed to choose which pair they wanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort of summing ability。

   Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items and do simple sums。

　　1。 What does the passage mainly discuss?

　　(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior

　　(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior

　　(C) The use of food in studies of animal behavior

　　(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratory experiments。

　　2。 Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?

　　(A) Selecting among choices

　　(B) Anticipating events to come

　　(C) Remembering past experiences

　　(D) Communicating emotions

　　3。

   What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?

　　(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site

　　(B) To communicate the location of food

　　(C) To increase the speed of travel to food sources

　　(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available

　　4。

   The word "yet" in line 15 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) however

　　(B) since

　　(C) generally

　　(D) so far

　　5。 What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?

　　(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists thought。

　　(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists expected。

　　(C) The bees were able to determine in advance where scientists would place their food。

　　(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance activity。

　　6。 It can be inferred from the passage that brain size is assumed to

　　(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability

　　(B) vary among individuals within a species

　　(C) be related to food consumption

　　(D) correspond to levels of activity

　　7。

   Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?

　　(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals

　　(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species

　　(C) To illustrate how otters are using objects as tools

　　(D) To demonstrate why mother chimpanzees show their young how to use tools

　　8。

   The word "rudimentary" in line 20 is closest in meaning to

　　(A) superior

　　(B) original

　　(C) basic

　　(D) technical

　　9。

   It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 20-22) that young chimpanzees have difficulty

　　(A) communicating with their mothers

　　(B) adding quantities

　　(C) making choices

　　(D) opening hard nuts

　　10。

   The phrase "the one" in line 24-25 refers to the

　　(A) study

　　(B) pair

　　(C) chimpanzee

　　(D) ability

　　11。

   Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips that chimpanzees

　　(A) lack abilities that other primates have

　　(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups

　　(C) exhibit behavior that indicates certain mathematical abilities

　　(D) have difficulty selecting when given choices

　　答案：BDBDC AACDB C

　　以上内容希望对考生有帮助，考生要想在托福写作考试中有比较好的发挥，在平时的备考过程中就要做个有心人，注意收集一些高分词汇和句型，以便在考试中更好的运用，祝考生考试顺利。